Validate Binary Search Tree
TIME: O(n)
SPACE: O(n)
Problem Statement
Given the root of a binary tree, determine if it is a valid binary search tree (BST). A valid BST is defined by: left subtree contains only nodes with keys less than parent, right subtree contains only keys greater.
Real Engineering Applications
In production systems, this concept directly maps to caching index layers, route lookups optimizations, compiler scope parsing validations, and multi-thread dependency schedulers.
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